The Particle Model

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Scientists adopt a particle model to explain how solids, liquids and gases behave. The model shows matter as tiny pieces in constant motion. Each piece moves fast or slow with its own energy level. This view shows ice stays rigid and steam drifts free.

This model rests on three ideas. Each particle moves all the time. Particles attract and link up. Energy in particles shows heat.

Tight packing holds particles in solid form. In liquid state packing loosens and particles slide. In a gas particles drift far apart. Particles gain or drop energy and phase changes follow. Researchers use these ideas to build new materials and improve technology.